Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 0 - 60 m (Ref. 128797). Tropical; 35°N - 26°S, 32°E - 122°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea, East Africa eastward through northern Australia reaching to Line and Tuamotu islands, north to southern Japan.
Size / Weight / umur
Kematangan: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 9710)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 3; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 24 - 26; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 22 - 24. Fish has a deep grove before eye; scaleless area around lips, continuing and narrowing posterior to corner of mouth; small forward-curving spines in about five rows on side of and a short distance anterior to caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle compressed (Ref. 9770).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: oval.
Recorded from lagoons, seaward reefs (Ref. 1602) and sheltered inner reef slopes (Ref. 48637). Juveniles often associated with isolated patches of branching coral or rubble of shallow sandy protected areas. Adults occur singly or in pairs on the slopes of deep lagoon or seaward reefs (Ref. 37816, 48637). Often hostile towards divers and may attack unprovoked when caring for eggs (Ref. 48637). Feed on sea urchins, coral, crabs and other crustaceans, mollusks and tube worms. Oviparous (Ref. 205). Largest triggerfish; females are reported to have attacked divers when guarding their nest (Ref. 2334). Also caught with drive-in nets. Marketed fresh and dried-salted (Ref. 9770).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Distinct paring (Ref. 205).
Matsuura, K., 2001. Balistidae. Triggerfishes. p. 3911-3928. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9770)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 1602)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Acuan
123201): 25 - 29, mean 28.1 °C (based on 1016 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03388 (0.02081 - 0.05517), b=2.96 (2.82 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Acuan
69278): 3.3 ±0.44 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 25.1 [10.4, 57.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.488 [0.251, 1.074] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.3, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.0968 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 43.1 [20.9, 90.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 37.9 [10.7, 136.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.888 [0.604, 1.321] mg/100g (wet weight);