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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / গভীরতার পরিসীমা / distribution range
বাস্তুসংস্থান
সামুদ্রিক; ঈষৎ লোনা তলদেশ বিহারী; গভীরতার পরিসীমা 0 - 150 m (Ref. 3688), usually 10 - 20 m (Ref. 37413). Subtropical; 48°N - 35°S, 25°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean, and Black Sea (Ref. 4781, 112870), Madeira Is (Ref. 74541), Canary Is. and Cape Verde Islands (Ref. 3688), southward to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Western Indian Ocean: southern Mozambique (Ref. 3688); Red Sea (Ref. 84159). Not found in tropical east Africa (Ref. 3198),
Length at first maturity / আকৃতি / ওজন / Age
পরিপক্কতা : Lm 17.4, range 20 - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 3688); সর্বোচ্চ উলি্ল্লখিত বয়স : 12 বৎসর (Ref. 13716)
পৃষ্ঠীয় কাঁটা (মোট ) : 11; পৃষ্ঠীয় নরম পাখনা দন্ড (মোট ) : 12 - 13; পায়ূ কাঁটা : 3; পায়ূর নরম পাখনা্তুন্ড: 10 - 11.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Found on the shelf, over sandy and muddy bottoms as well as seagrass-beds and estuaries. Gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Feeds on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans. Protandric hermaphrodite (Ref. 3688). Flesh excellent (Ref. 3198); sold fresh and dried.
A monandric species (Ref. 55367). In the northern Adriatic, overall male to female ratio was 1:1.62. Sex inversion occurred mainly between 24.1 and 35.2 cm TL and 3.5 years of age (Ref. 55367). Conflicting descriptions of the reproductive style of this species have been reported, including possible gonochorism (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 28504.
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
মৎস্য: গৌণ বাণিজ্যিক ; শিকারযোগ্য মাছ: হঁ্যা
হাতিয়ার
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ইন্টারনেট সুত্র
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (সূত্র
123201): 17.1 - 27.5, mean 24.4 °C (based on 224 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (সূত্র
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01075 - 0.01344), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
ট্রফিক পর্যায়ে (সূত্র
69278): 3.5 ±0.39 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.8 (4.0 - 5.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
স্থিতিস্থাপক (সূত্র
120179): মাধ্যম , সর্বনিম্ন প্রজন দ্বিগুনের সময় ১.৪-৪.৪ বৎসর (K=0.24; tm=2).
Prior r = 0.54, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.81, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 72.3 [42.6, 133.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.06 [0.62, 1.89] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.289, 0.641] g/100g; Selenium = 28.2 [14.1, 49.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.68 [3.47, 23.67] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.831 [0.601, 1.145] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
