分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
鯛科 (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 150 m (Ref. 3688), usually 10 - 20 m (Ref. 37413). 亞熱帶的; 48°N - 35°S, 25°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean, and Black Sea (Ref. 4781, 112870), Madeira Is (Ref. 74541), Canary Is. and Cape Verde Islands (Ref. 3688), southward to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Western Indian Ocean: southern Mozambique (Ref. 3688); Red Sea (Ref. 84159). Not found in tropical east Africa (Ref. 3198),
東大西洋: 比斯開灣，直布羅陀海峽與地中海，黑色與亞速海海洋到南非好望角與莫三比克海峽。 也加納利群島與維德角的周圍發現, 但是不在馬得拉群島.(參考文獻 4781) 西印度洋: 紅海; 莫三比克南部到好望角; 不出現在熱帶的非洲東部。 (參考文獻 3198)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 17.4, range 20 - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3688); 最大年齡: 12 年 (Ref. 13716)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 12 - 13; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 11.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Found on the shelf, over sandy and muddy bottoms as well as seagrass-beds and estuaries. Gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Feeds on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans. Protandric hermaphrodite (Ref. 3688). Flesh excellent (Ref. 3198); sold fresh and dried.
棲息於大陸棚了, 在沙泥底之上以及海草床與河口。 群居的, 有時形成可大小的魚群。 吃蠕蟲，軟體動物與小型甲殼動物。 雄性先熟的雌雄同體.(參考文獻 3688) 肉優良的;(參考文獻 3198) 賣了生鮮地而且乾製了。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
A monandric species (Ref. 55367). In the northern Adriatic, overall male to female ratio was 1:1.62. Sex inversion occurred mainly between 24.1 and 35.2 cm TL and 3.5 years of age (Ref. 55367). Conflicting descriptions of the reproductive style of this species have been reported, including possible gonochorism (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 28504.東大西洋: 比斯開灣，直布羅陀海峽與地中海，黑色與亞速海海洋到南非好望角與莫三比克海峽。 也加納利群島與維德角的周圍發現, 但是不在馬得拉群島.(參考文獻 4781) 西印度洋: 紅海; 莫三比克南部到好望角; 不出現在熱帶的非洲東部。 (參考文獻 3198)
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 August 2009
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 17.1 - 27.5, mean 24.4 °C (based on 224 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01075 - 0.01344), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.5 ±0.39 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.8 (4.0 - 5.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.24; tm=2).
Prior r = 0.54, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.81, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 72.3 [42.6, 133.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.06 [0.62, 1.89] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.289, 0.641] g/100g; Selenium = 28.2 [14.1, 49.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.68 [3.47, 23.67] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.831 [0.601, 1.145] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
